Meghan Reid Essays - The Awakening, Jazz Poetry,

Meghan Reid Teacher Zimmerman Respects English December 1, 1998 Nature and the Human Soul: The Shackles of Freedom Langston Hughes and Kate Chopin use nature in a few measurements to show the incredible battles and weights of human life. All through Kate Chopin's The Awakening and a few of Langston Hughes' sonnets, the broad symbolism of the magnificence and intensity of nature shows the battles the characters stand up to, and their possible opportunity from those battles. Nature and opportunity coincide, and the characters inevitably figure out how to discover opportunity from the limits of society, oneself, lastly opportunity inside one's spirit. The utilization of nature for this reason acquires the characters and speakers Chopin's and Hughes' attempts to life, and the peruser feels the life and opportunity of those characters. Nature, underway of Chopin and Hughes fills in as an incredible image that speaks to the battle of the human spirit towards opportunity, the anguish of that battle, and the delight when that opportunity is at long last reached. In The Awakening, the hero Edna Pontellier experiences a transformation. She lives in Creole society, a general public that confines sexuality, particularly for ladies of the time. Edna is limited by the bounds of a cold marriage, unfulfilled, troubled, and shut in like a confined feathered creature. Throughout her late spring at Grand Isle she is gone up against with herself in her most genuine nature, and winds up cleared away by enthusiasm and love for somebody she can't have, Robert Lebrun. The symbolism of the sea at Grand Isle and its traits represent a power calling her to go up against her inside battles, and discover opportunity. Chopin utilizes the symbolism of the sea to speak to the intrinsic power inside her spirit that is calling to her. ?The voice of the ocean is enticing; persistent, murmuring, clamoring, mumbling, welcoming the spirit to meander for a spell in pits of isolation; to lose itself in a labyrinth of internal consideration.? (p.14) Through nature and its c apacity, Edna, starts to discover opportunity in her spirit and afterward comes back to an actual existence in the city where dwell the contentions that encompass her. Edna experienced childhood with a Mississippi ranch, where life was basic, glad, and serene. The pictures of nature, which fill in as an image for opportunity of the spirit, show up when she talks about this presence. In the novel, she recollects an easier life when she was a kid, inundated in nature and free: ?The hot breeze beating in my face made me think ? with no association that I can follow ? of a late spring day in Kentucky, of a glade that appeared as large as the sea to the almost no young lady strolling through the grass, which was higher than her midsection. She tossed out her arms as though swimming when she strolled, beating the tall grass as one strikes out in the water.? (p.17) Chopin's reference to swimming happens ordinarily in the novel, and through the sea and her encounters swimming, she stands up to nature, however she difficulties and finds her actual self. The utilization of nature is particularly critical as a memory in her youth since it denotes a period in her life when she was upbeat and free. This picture of swimming comes back to her when her spirit is starting to revive, at Grand Isle. When Edna at long last figures out how to swim, she winds up scared, alone, overpowered, and encompassed in a tremendous scope of water. Her experience swimming in the sea just because matches her disclosure and submersion in the genuine idea of her spirit: ?As she swam she was by all accounts connecting for the boundless in which to lose herself . . . A fast vision of death destroyed her spirit, and for a moment of time shocked and enfeebled her sense.? (p.28) She is scared by her own self-revelation ? however is delighted by it. It is this logical inconsistency and this showdown with nature that is achieves Edna's self-revelation and transformation inside the novel. It is more than affection for Robert that drives her to be liberated from the limitations of this general public. Rather, it is her disclosure of her own self that makes her avoid the limits of society. Edna's ?self-revelation? stirs her, and she can welcome

Great Expectations Essay Example

Extraordinary Expectations Essay Example Extraordinary Expectations Paper Extraordinary Expectations Paper Exposition Topic: Extraordinary Expectations Investigating Dickens?f educational encounters and social foundation, I became familiar with the intricate figure Pip, the hero of Dickens?f tale Great Expectations. It might be said with juvenile, sentimental vision and naturally great still, small voice that the notoriety of this novel owes significantly to this character through his unordinary developed encounters, precisely as Dickens himself did. It is an unfailing showstopper, for Dickens?f able composition by representative use, the splendid incongruity, and the supported subject. Charles Dickens, Great Expectations, Pip, hero, storyteller, optimism, heart, emblematic, bildungsroman, personal growth Charles Dickenss recognized magnum opus, Great Expectations, is properly viewed as perhaps the best novel ever. Charles Dickens was conceived on February 7, 1812, and went through thefirst nine years of his life living in the beach front districts of Kent, an area in southeast England. Dickens?fs father, John, was a representative in a naval force pay office. He was thoughtful and affable man, yet he didn't have the foggiest idea how to deal with his money related circumstance and consistently ran into financial difficulties. At the point when Dickens was nine, his family moved to London. At the point when he was twelve, his dad was captured and taken to debtors?f jail. Dickens?fs mother moved his seven siblings and sisters into jail with their dad, yet she masterminded the youthful Charles to live alone outside the jail and work with other youngsters gluing names on bottles in a blacking distribution center . Dickens found the three months he spent separated from his family profoundly horrendous. Not exclusively was simply the activity hopeless, however he viewed himself as unreasonably bravo, winning the scorn of different youngsters. After his dad was discharged from jail, Dickens came back to class. He in the end turned into a law representative, at that point a court correspondent, lastly an author. Hisf irst epic, The Pickwick Papers, turned into a tremendous famous achievement when Dickens was just twenty-five. He distributed widely a

Mini-Guide to the GIRs

Mini-Guide to the GIRs I feel slightly weird to be typing away on the MIT blogs again, when the farthest thing on my mind right now is MIT. BUT I feel like if I dont write this entry now, when I have so much time on my hands, this blog would never get written so here goes. Im also going to stray from the conventional path of telling you what options are available to you (Im sure you know that already, being the zealous beavers that you are), but rather Ill base everything on my own personal opinions and observations from freshman year. (Also, this is conveniently before you have to choose your courses for frosh year =p) Again, this is only my interpretation of the GIRs, so please ignore them if you think Im just being woozy in the head. :) 2. Chem fall, bio spring. This year, I went for Professor Landers 7.012 class in the fall being the awesome lecturer that he was. I learned a lot; Professor Lander was great, but we didnt have very many people in the class (it was ~200, at a time when 3.091 had so many people that the lecture was even broadcast into another room). A few inconveniences presented themselves as well the curve could have been a bit better with more people (intro bio assigns grades almost completely on a bell curve), and 3.091 got the lectures recorded on video (for the overflow room) so a lot of people didnt have to go to class (humph*) the same applied for 7.013 in the spring. Alright to be honest it isnt THAT inconvenient, but I always get this naggy feeling that intro courses are better if you do them with the big crowd, and for me, given a chance to do it again, I would do 5.111 in the fall and 7.013 in the spring. Professor Lander was great; but for me, I felt that it wasnt completely worth taking bio early (other than gloating at helping my roommates with their biology queries second semester =p). Also, I really want to address something about my 5.111 class in the spring. 5.111 in the spring, as you may have predicted from the size of 7.012 in the fall is small. We had perhaps no more than 70 students in the class. Contrary to what Ive been reading in the certain thread at College Confidential back in April, the class isnt notoriously instructed. Really, I dont know where that came from. Our two instructors had distinctly different teaching styles, but I didnt feel that anything was wrong with the class. Theres a lot of controversy about our second professor not assigning reading assignments just allow me to say that I feel if you are a student at MIT, you should be capable of divining a chart known as The Table of Contents and finding the relevant sections yourself. To take this as a sign of instructional negligence is in my humble opinion (IMHO) very excessive. /rant To be fair I did feel that 5.111 was a bit too small of an intro class for my liking. I would have preferred a much bigger chem class, and would probably have preferred taking 5.111 in the fall instead. This also frees me up to take 5.12 directly in the spring, and 5.13 sophomore fall. Given the current circumstances, I would have to postpone 5.13 all the way to junior fall. Oh and take 5.111 (or 5.112!) if youre interested in Course 5 or Course 7. I did peruse the 3.091 course content, and no offense to the people who took 3.091, but I feel 5.111 has a more comprehensive and useful chemical introduction if you feel like youre going to take additional chemistry courses in the future. (3.091 is a good course if you dont plan on seeing chemistry ever again like the way I am with physics, muahaha). 5.Not knowing calculus at MIT is like a fish not knowing how to swim. For the math requirement, please refer to This Meticulous Chart. Ive highlighted the common courses I see in pinkish magenta. The three most common paths I see for the Math GIR at MIT is: -If youve seen Calculus in high school and took Calc BC 18.02 -If youve seen Calculus in high school but isnt entirely comfortable with it (or didnt take Calc BC or the Calc ASE) 18.01/2A (the flip side to finish 18.02A you have to stay at MIT during IAP) -If youve never seen Calculus or isnt comfortable beyond basic integration/derivation 18.01. Either of these three paths have quite a decent number of people doing it, so theres no shame if you come in doing 18.01 when your friends might be doing 18.02 or (gasp!) 18.03/18.06 immediately. However, it IS important for you to get your Calc GIR out of the way as soon as possible, rather than prolong it till the very last moment (like what some people do with 7.01x or 8.02 taking it in their senior year). The main reason for this is that theres almost always some level of calc required in science/engineering courses at MIT (even in humanities courses like economics!), and youll be doing yourself a favor understanding 18.01/2 before going into those courses (unless youre planning on majoring on the humanities =p). Also Auroux for 18.02 in the fall is AWESOME! Do try to take that class unless you really have some pressing reason not to =p 10. Try to take a HASS class thats both CI-H and HASS-D in the fall. You need 2 CI-H classes to graduate, and you must take one during your frosh year, so why not make the best of it and kill two birds with one stone by taking a class that fulfills both requirements? (you need three HASS-D classes for the HASS GIR) Besides, youre on pass/no record first semester, so what do you have to lose? 17. On classes with extra decimal places (like 5.112, 8.012 (the advanced version)NOT 7.01x or 5.111, for example) The short and simple of it: Take as much advanced courses as you are able to handle. Before I launch into my rationale, I think it is important to note that I didnt take any advanced classes for my GIRs, and so you may take my treatise with a grain of salt (its from my observations of my peers who took advanced classes). MIT courses, to be simple, would probably be unlike anything youve seen in the past, especially if you didnt come from a very prestigious high school or a magnet science/tech school (at least it was that way for me). Also, college isnt like high school you would soon discover that a regular high school courseload of 7 courses isnt a feasible schedule at MIT unless youre superhuman (and they also exist at MIT, but in very small quantities =p). Its very much the same way with classes like 5.112 and 8.012 (sorry to mention them constantly, Im just using them as an example this also applies to courses like 8.022, 18.022). When people suggest that you should have a high level of chemistry coming in to 5.112 or be comfortable with calc coming in to 8.012, they do really mean it it isnt like your high school teacher saying Make sure you know Algebra 2 before taking Physics!. If you take those advanced courses be prepared to work theres no way that you can breeze through them like what a lot of people do first semester with their GIR courses (since its P/NR). Along with work comes, inevitably, some sacrifice with fun and social time. But on the flip side, as the blogger Paul probably realizes now, theres great rewards to have weathered a difficult class. Intellectual triumphs aside, theres the memorable communal-bonding pset sessions, a better grounding of the subject for subsequent courses, and bragging rights, to mention a few. =p Pass/no record exists as a smoother transition for an incoming frosh to the rigors of the MIT curriculum, living away from home, and making new friends. Yes it can also exist for academic masochism, but I have no doubt that youll see more than your share of it in the coming semesters. Personally, I didnt take any of these advanced courses, and I felt it WAS the best balance for me (even though I still had that naggy voice left over from high school in the back of my mind, You should be taking the MOST RIGOROUS courseload available!). Your balance may be taking both 5.112 AND 8.012 or it may simply be the same as mine. As you will quickly see after you get here, being at MIT is already privilege enough once you get in, it isnt like high school where all the brightest and greatest rush to fill up their schedules with AP classes. Theres no shame to be taking 18.01 when others are taking 18.02 youll all get to where you want to be in due time. You will undoubtedly find your own chord here, the same way that I did the same way that we all do. Interesting fact (confirmed by Mr. Matt McGann): Whether you take 8.01 or 8.012, it all shows up on your official transcript as Physics I. (so let the love of physics be the motivation of taking 8.012) Oh, one last note: DONT TAKE 8.012 just because you hate TEAL. I know, we preach about the evils of the Satan, also known as TEAL, but dont go for 8.012 just because you dont like 8.01T. It isnt worth it. :) 28. PE requirement Take PE courses during your frosh year! The last only one quarter each, and you only need 4 of them for your PE requirement (yes, theres a PE requirement at MIT!). You also should do it during your frosh year cuz its so much more fun taking PE courses with your friends =p. I recommend Sailing and Pistol. :) Also, do your swim test during Orientation and get it out of the way! Youll get a nice white T-shirt as a souvenir too =p 41. Suggested schedule Classes you should definitely ASE or AP out of (or take at earliest opportunity): 8.01, 18.01, 18.02. Suggested Schedule, assuming you have credit for 18.01 (as a lot do from the Calc BC exam): Fall Spring 8.01x 8.02x Chem Bio 18.02 MAJOR HASS HASS Seminar 9-unit class Note: During the spring semester, there are a number of 9-unit classes that are almost targeted directly at freshman, which conveniently fills the gap of your 9 credits and are very interesting (one such class was Snivelys toy design class). It may be worthwhile to shop around during Christmas/IAP to find those classes. Also, by MAJOR I meant that if you have 18.01 credit, you probably can begin taking your first class of your major as soon as the spring semester rolls around. If you dont have 18.01 credit, it only means that you should take 18.02 second semester instead of your major class. Moreover, the HASS spaces above arent completely rigid. You can opt not to take a HASS class second semester and take another class of your interest, but either way, I strongly suggest taking a CI-H+HASS-D HASS class first semester. Use P/NR to your advantage. Moreover x2, you dont have to fill up all 54 and 57 credits if you dont want to. Quite a few people just took 4 classes both semesters so suit yourself and do whatever is comfortable for you. Whew, that is a LOT of discourse on the GIRs. Hope you find it useful. =D And to prove that Im not completely boring, check out this awesome act from my high schools talent show (yes, I got to go to school for the last two weeks of my high schools spring semester and attend the seniors graduation! CONGRATS to all 08s that graduated!) Before you ask yes, this is an American high school in Taiwan. =p

Symbols and Symbolism in A Tale of Two Cities - Symbolic...

Symbolic Events in A Tale of Two Cities Many events that take place in A Tale of Two Cities, written by Charles Dickens, foreshadow upcoming obstacles and give insight into the hardships of the townspeople. Symbolic events occur which describe the vengefulness of the peasants towards the aristocrats. The novel contains many events, which have symbolic value. Many of the symbols have to do with the inevitable clash between the aristocrats and peasants. These events foreshadow the war that is soon to become reality. The first apparent symbolic event is the broken wine cask. A large cask of wine drops and breaks in the street and the people of St. Antoine stop their daily business to drink the wine from the†¦show more content†¦The broken wine cask conveys the suffering and rage that will lead the French peasantry to revolt. The second symbolic event that occurs is the scrawling of the word blood on the wall. One of the men partaking in the drinking of the wine writes the word blood by dipping his finger in the wine-stained mud and using that as his writing tool. One tall joker so besmirched, his head more out of a long squalid bag of a night-cap than in it scrawled upon a wall with his finger dipped in BLOOD (Dickens 33). The word blood symbolizes the unavoidable(muddy wine-lees war that is emerging between peasants and aristocrats. The red letters represent the blood that will flow freely from the aristocrats and political officials. The wine cask and the scrawling of blood indicate the rise in tensions between the two classes. The time was to come, when that wine too would be spilled on the street-stones, and when the stain of it would be red upon many there (Dickens 33). This statement foreshadows the upcoming struggle and the vengeance of the peasantry. The liquid smears on the peasants hands, feet, and faces foreshadow the approaching chaos. The symbolic events in A Tale of Two Cities foreshadow upcoming obstacles and give insight into the hardship of the townspeople. Charles Dickens uses the symbols to indicate the terrible events that occur in the following years. The peasantry is being treated unfairlyShow MoreRelatedThe Handmaids Tale By Margaret Atwood And Catching Fire By Suzanne Collins1522 Words   |  7 Pagesoxforddictionaries.com).The text, The Handmaids Tale by Margaret Atwood and Catching Fire by Suzanne Collins deal with the main idea of societal restraint. Both authors portray a protagonist who is living in a totalitarian society. The protagonists in both novels have harsh limitations which they must abide to. The authors use setting, oppression, and symbolism as restraint for societal control. Setting is a demonstration of restraint because in both novels the city/district has a barrier, which limits theRead MoreCritical Analysis on a Tale of Two Cities2729 Words   |  11 PagesChelsey Cardwell Dual Credit English 1/3/12 Mr. Burns A Literary Analysis of A Tale of Two Cities I. Introduction Charles Dickens’ twelfth novel, A Tale of Two Cities, was written to show all of the good and evil that was present during the French Revolution. He uses the two main cities, London and Paris, to represent this, and then ties in a love story with many different symbols of good and evil such as Darnay and Carton, Madame Defarge and Miss Pross. In his novel, Dickens also shows bothRead MoreThe Setting and Symbols in the Mayor of Casterbridge1388 Words   |  6 Pages setting atmosphere mood symbol character coincidences Abstract: Modern critics consider Hardy a great writer and they consider The Mayor of Casterbridge one of Hardy ¡Ã‚ ¯s two great novels. Of all the Wessex ¡Ã‚ ¯s novels, however, this is the least typical. Although it makes much less use of the physical environment than do the others, we still cannot ignore the frequently use of symbols and setting in the novel. In my essay, I ¡Ã‚ ®ll analyze the function of the symbols and the setting in The MayorRead MorePortraiture Depictions Of Queen Elizabeth I1578 Words   |  7 PagesShe embellished the way she wanted to be seen or perceived, it was how she controlled her public image and communicate to the people of the country, she only showcased the way people should only view her. The portraits show her identity, historical events, displays concrete arguments about her identity as a virgin, royalty, power, and purity. The first portrait of Elizabeth I as Queen is the Coronation Portrait, this portrait captured her beginning moments as Queen. This portrait also dictates howRead More Mythology and Archetypes in Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird2536 Words   |  11 Pagespatterns unearthed apply universally to all works, yielding results that can be applied to a great many texts. This is because the very nature of the Mythological/Archetypal approach is the exploration of the canon for widespread and pervading symbols, plots, and characters. These are all greatly extant in Harper Lees classic novel To Kill a Mockingbird, an extraordinary examination of the Depression-era South through the eyes of a young girl with rare intelligence and insight, living in aRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1970 Words   |  8 Pagesreader is exposed to unknown taboo recollections of war tales in which the protagonist and sub characters cannot remove from memory. Moreover, The Things They Carrie d acts as a medium for the long kept emotional distress of the author and even the protagonist. Throughout the novel the protagonist expresses the perpetual need to share his surreptitious memories and relive his experiences as a soldier in the war as a form of cleansing from the events of the past and a need to conform to traditional societalRead More The Nature of Duality in Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde1828 Words   |  8 Pagesthat there are two sides to the human mind. Many philosophers have stressed on the fact that human beings are dual creatures’. There is the duality of good and evil, right and wrong, joy and despair. There always is the desire to do something which is against the society, against the laws, although this varies from person to person. Robert Stevenson brings the possibility of another self in one person to life in his creation of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. His novel is a rich tale of the dualityRead MoreThe Central Station Essay2225 Words   |  9 Pages Symbolism of Lord Jim: In this novel, Conrad mingles suggestiveness with realism and symbolism. Mac whirr, young Marlow, Kurtz, Jim etc. are all symbolic figures. Silver in Nostromo and ivory in The Heart of darkness symbolic the materialistic lust and corruption and decay of the human heart. Conrad’s seas and ships are symbolic in Lord Jim. Lord Jim also symbolic novel. Above all, Jim himself is the most important symbolic figure. He is the symbol of man’s craving for theRead MoreBiblical Allusions In The Grapes Of Wrath1717 Words   |  7 PagesThe novel, The Grapes of Wrath, is a story that describes the journey of the Joad family through the brutal migration from Oklahoma s destroying Dust Bowl to California corrupt promised land. Through the depiction of events and portrayal of characters, the bible takes part in the novel as one whole allusion. The story of struggle for survival in the fallen state of Oklahoma and in the â€Å"promised land† of California, reveals the same ideas shown as we explore in the bible. In The Grapes of WrathRead More Symbols, Symbolism and Irony in Thomas Manns Death in Venice2018 Words   |  9 PagesSymbols, Symbolism and Irony in Thomas Manns Death in Venice      Ã‚  Ã‚   In the novel Death in Venice, by Thomas Mann, an observer compliments the main character Gustave von Aschenbach by saying, You see, Aschenbach has always lived like this -here the speaker closed the fingers of his left hand to a fist-never like this -and he let his hand hang relaxed from the back of his chair (p. 1069).   This is a perfect description of Aschenbach, a man set in convention, driven to succeed from an

Constantine The Great And Flavius Valerius Constantinus

PART A Constantine, more formally known as Constantine the Great or Flavius Valerius Constantinus, was born on the 27th of February in possibly 280 CE. Constantine was a Roman, and subsequently Emperor - known to be Christian. Flavius Valerius Constantius, whom was an army officer, was his father, whilst his mother is named Helena - thought to possibly be a concubine of his father. His father is known for being raised to the title of Caesar, becoming known as Constantius Chlorus, granted 3 years of peaceful rule due to the treachery of the previous ruler of Roman Britain. The key influences for Constantine are firstly his father. Having been able to watch the ascendancy of his father to Emperor, and follow in his footsteps to become Emperor of Rome himself - it is clearly evident that Constantine’s father was a great role model. Constantine also found himself under the tutelage of Diocletian after his father took him to the East Empire - becoming known as a youth amongst the leaders there. PART B Constantine is most notably recognized due to his leadership as Emperor of Rome, and the way in which he gained power and held it for such a long time. The first thing that he is best known for is that he was the first of the Roman Emperors to embrace the Christian faith, going against he paradigms and religion of the time. Before Constantine, Christianity was tolerated, but much persecution ensued. His shift to Christianity made it legal, and it became the official religion of theShow MoreRelatedAlexander The Great Of The Classical Greek Culture Essay1742 Words   |  7 Pagesver seen before. Alexander the Great symbolized that same dichotomy in what he believed, how he dressed and spoke, and how he approached life. He had no idea that he would create a new culture. Alexander spoke Greek but did not act Greek in every way of his life. He did not live modestly like the classical Greek culture required. Instead of dressing simply and with austerity, Alexander wore elaborate Asian-styled clothing and he likely enjoyed Epicurean pleasures. Although leading military campaignsRead MoreConstantine the Great1359 Words   |  6 PagesConstantine the Great Constantine the Great, first Christian Emperor, originator of Constantinople, creator of the Byzantine Empire, military conqueror, and honored saint, has been labeled by many the most instrumental emperor of the Roman Empire. Constantine played a crucial role in the development of Europe during the Middle Ages, and founded Christianity as the formal religion of the Roman Empire. His dynamic yet effective predominance laid the infrastructure of European development. FromRead MoreConstantine the Great Constantine the Great, military victor, glorified saint, equal to the1900 Words   |  8 PagesConstantine the Great Constantine the Great, military victor, glorified saint, equal to the Apostles, first Christian Emperor, builder of Constantinople, and founder of the Byzantine Empire, has been called by many the most influential emperor of Late Antiquity. Constantine played a crucial role in the development of Europe during the Middle Ages, and established Christianity as the official religion of the Roman Empire. His dynamic yet effective predominance laid the foundations of post classicalRead MoreConstantine And Christianity Essay1784 Words   |  8 PagesGaius Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus, or Constantine, is commonly referred to as the fist Christian emperor of the Roman Empire and as the defender of Christianity. Such grand titles are not necessarily due for the reasons that people commonly think of them today. The first clear instance where Christianity is seen in Constantines life is during his campaign against Maxentius. In the spring of 311, when Constantine was marching to Rome to battle against Maxentius, he saw a vision in the

Movies Afecting Indian Youth Free Essays

One Stop for Colleges Education Career ? ? Covers complete IITJEE/AIEEE syllabus ? ? ? Chemistry, Maths and Physics Sections ? Its Free ? Lessons, tests by IIT/NIT toppers 1000+ Questions and Sample tests Last minute preparation and help Minglebox Engineering Prep Free Online Preparation for Engineering with Minglebox Engineering Prep. Cover basic concepts of under â€Å"Section† for Engineering Entrance Exam Preparation with Study material, solved examples and tests prepared by IIT/NIT toppers. 1 Minglebox Engineering Prep Minglebox. We will write a custom essay sample on Movies Afecting Indian Youth or any similar topic only for you Order Now om Communication systems Electronic communication refers to the faithful transfer of informationor message (available in the form of electrical voltage and current)from one point to another point. Transmitter, transmission channel and receiver are three basic unitsof a communication system. 2 Minglebox Engineering Prep Minglebox. com Transducer: Any device that converts one form ofenergy into another can be termed as a transducer. Signal: Information converted in electrical form and suitable for transmission is called a signal. Signals can be either analog or digital. Noise: Noise refers to the unwanted signals that tend to disturb the transmission and processing of message signals in a communication system. Transmitter: A transmitter processes the incoming message signal so as to make it suitable for transmis sion through a channel and subsequent reception. Receiver: A receiver extracts the desired message signals from the received signals at the channel output. Attenuation: The loss of strength of a signal while propagating through a medium is known as attenua tion. Amplification: It is the process of increasing the amplitude (and consequently the strength) of a signal using an electronic circuit called the amplifier. 3 Minglebox Engineering Prep Minglebox. com Range: It is the largest distance between a source and a destination up to which the signal is received with sufficient strength. Bandwidth: Bandwidth refers to the frequency range over which an equipment operates or the portion of the spectrum occupied by the signal. Modulator: At the transmitter, information contained in the low frequency message signal is superimposed on a high frequency wave, which acts as a carrier of the information. This process is known as modulation. As will be explained later, there are several types of modulation, abbreviated as AM, FM and PM. Demodulation: The process of retrieval of information from the carrier wave at the receiver is termed demodulation. This is the reverse process of modulation. Repeater: A repeater is a combination of a receiver and a transmitter. A repeater, picks up the signal from the transmitter, amplifies and retransmits it to the receiver sometimes with a change in carrier frequency. 4 Minglebox Engineering Prep Minglebox. com Two important forms of communication system are: Analog and Digital. The information to be transmitted is generally in continuous waveform for the former while for the latter it has only discrete or quantised levels. Every message signal occupies a range of frequencies. The bandwidth of a message signal refers to the band of frequencies, which are necessary for satisfactory transmission of the infor mation contained in the signal. Similarly, any practical communication system permits transmission of a range of frequencies only, which is referred to as the bandwidth of the system. Low frequencies cannot be transmitted to long distances. Therefore, they are superimposed on a high frequency carrier signal by a process known as modulation. In modulation, some characteristic of the carrier signal like amplitude, frequency or phase varies in accordance with the modulating or message signal. Correspondingly , they are called Amplitude Modulated (AM), Frequency Modulated (FM) or Phase Modulated (PM) waves. 5 Minglebox Engineering Prep Minglebox. com Pulse modulation could be classified as: Pulse Amplitude Modulation(PAM), Pulse Duration Modulation (PDM) or Pulse Width Modulation(PWM) and Pulse Position Modulation (PPM). For transmission over long distances, signals are radiated into spaceusing devices called antennas. The radiated signals propagate aselectromagnetic waves and the mode of propagation is influenced bythe presence of the earth and its atmosphere. Near the surface of theearth, electromagnetic waves propagate as surface waves. Surface wavepropagation is useful up to a few MHz frequencies. Long distance communication between two points on the earth isachieved through reflection of e lectromagnetic waves by ionosphere. Such waves are called sky waves. Sky wave propagation takes place upto frequency of about 30 MHz. Above this frequency, electromagneticwaves essentially propagate as space waves. Space waves are used forline-of-sight communication and satellite communication. 6 Minglebox Engineering Prep Minglebox. com If an antenna radiates electromagnetic waves from a height hT, thenthe range dT is given by v2RhT whereR is the radius of the earth. Amplitude modulated signal contains frequencies (? c –? m ), ? c and (? c +? m) Amplitude modulated waves can be produced by application of the message signal and the carrier wave to a non linear device, followed by a band pass filter. AM detection, which is the process of recovering the modulating signal from an AM waveform, is carried out using a rectifier and an envelope detector. 7 Minglebox Engineering Prep Minglebox. com Sample Examples A message signal of frequency 10 kHz and peak voltageof 10 volts is used to modulate a carrier of frequency 1 MHz and peakvoltage of 20 volts. Determine (a) modulation index, (b) the side bandsproduced. Solution (a) Modulation index =10/20 = 0. 5 (b) The side bands are at (1000+10 kHz)=1010 kHz and(1000 –10 kHz) = 990 kHz. A transmitting antenna at the top of a tower has a height32 m and the height of the receiving antenna is 50 m. What is themaximum distance between them for satisfactory communication inLOS mode? Given radius of earth 6. 4 ? 106 m. Solution = v2 *64*105*32 + v2 *64*105*50 = 64 ? 102 ? v10 + 8 ? 103 ? v10 m =144 ? 102 ? 10 m = 45. 5 km 8 Minglebox Engineering Prep Minglebox. com How to cite Movies Afecting Indian Youth, Papers

Mcdonalds Research Paper Example

Mcdonalds Paper Innovations at McDonald’s Indoor seating (1950s) Drive-through window (1970s) Adding breakfast to the menu (1980s) Adding play areas (late 1980s) Redesign of the kitchens (1990s) Self-service kiosk (2004) Now three separate dining sections Innovations at McDonald’s Indoor seating (1950s) Drive-through window (1970s) Adding breakfast to the menu (1980s) Adding play areas (late 1980s) Redesign of the kitchens (1990s) Self-service kiosk (2004) Now three separate dining sections Six out of the seven are layout decisions! McDonald’s New Layout Seventh major innovation Redesigning all 30,000 outlets around the world Three separate dining areas Linger zone with comfortable chairs and Wi-Fi connections Grab and go zone with tall counters Flexible zone for kids and families Facility layout is a source of competitive advantage Strategic Importance of Layout Decisions The objective of layout strategy is to develop a cost-effective layout that will meet a firm’s competitive needs Layout Design Considerations Higher utilization of space, equipment, and people Improved flow of information, materials, or people Improved employee morale and safer working conditions Improved customer/client interaction Flexibility We open Chapter 9 (Layout Strategies) with the story of   the 7 strategic changes at McDonald’s since 1950. All   but one have been major layout redesigns (eg. , indoor seating, drive thru, play areas, self-service kiosks, etc. ). Adding breakfast foods to the menu (in the 80? s) was the one product change–until now. The front page article in The Wall Street Journal (Dec. 27,2010) details two brand new strategies–the 1st  a product decision and the 2nd yet another layout change. We will write a custom essay sample on Mcdonalds specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mcdonalds specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mcdonalds specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Under pressure from market-share competitors of all types–from 7-Eleven  and Starbucks to smoothie outlets  and gas stations– the 14,000 US McDonald’s have broadened their fare. As of now, there are  Ã‚  fruit smoothies, oatmeal, carmel-mocha drinks, flatbread sandwiches, and â€Å"garden† snack wraps. This new product development strategy (Ch. 5) has created so many choices that the company has been running ads reminding us it still sells Big Macs. Using manufacturing technology, McDonald’s has made many new items from existing items’ ingredients. Chicken wraps use Chicken Selects’ meat and breakfast burrito tortillas. This simplifies preparation and lowers costs. But new layout costs have   blunted  franchisee enthusiasm. The food assembly line (see Figure 9. 12 in the text) had to be changed to make wraps. And an  even bigger modification was the addition of the $100,000 McCafe  drink stations– one of the most expensive changes in years. (The corporation picks up $30,000 of that cost). Stores had to be redesigned to make room for space next to the pick-up window to accommodate the 4 pieces of drink equipment. Some franchisees balked at the price tag and low drink sales volumes, claiming â€Å"we are not even paying for the electricity to run the machines†. Discussion questions: 1. Why did McDonald’s make these two strategic changes? 2. Ask your students to rank the importance of the   9 changes, referring to the Global Profile in Ch. 9. 3. How has the average McDonald’s   changed in the past decades? Are all of the layout strategies still in place? OM in the News: Product Enhancement and the McDonald’s Happy  MealJuly 27, 2011 tags: Ch. 5, Happy Meals, McDonalds, product enhancement y Barry Render Under pressure from 550 health organizations to stop marketing   â€Å"junk food†Ã‚   to children and to retire Ronald McDonald (the clown mascot), McDonald’s has chosen the path of product enhancement (Ch. 5) as a preemptive strike. The New York Times (July 27, 2011) reports today that the firm will start to fill its Happy Meal boxes with apple slices  and smaller portions of french fries this September. By next April, the new menu will be rolled out to all 14,000 restaurants. The food industry overall has come under increased scrutiny as childhood obesity levels have risen. San Francisco last year banned the inclusion of toys in kids’ meals unless there is a fruit and vegetable included. New York City has a similar rule in the works. Instead of developing all new kids’ products (or including vegetables), McDonald’s is responding with 1/2 the number of fries and a 20% lower calorie count. The new Happy Meal, containing 4 chicken nuggets and a small Coke, weighs in at 410 calories (vs. 520 in the older product), 17 grams of fat (vs. 23 g), and 58 grams of carbs (vs. 69 g). The firm decided against making apples a total replacement for fries when only 11% of customers showed an interest in that option. While some critics praised the changes  (Mrs. Obama called them â€Å"positive steps†), one NYU prof called the move a â€Å"sham†, in part because McDonald’s is not limiting sodas. In fact, sugar levels go up with the Coke and apple together. Discussion questions: 1. What are the operations challenges in changing the Happy Meal? 2. Do students believe legislation is an appropriate means to make menus healthier? 3. How are other restaurants responding  with children’s menu options. Mc DonaldsOne of the most important strategic decisions made by a company like McDonalds is where to locate their operations. Location options include maintaining current sites while adding another facility elsewhere. (Heizer, 2001)    Their facilities are located all over the world due to their franchising system. In the early 1990s, McDonalds began working with major oil companies to pioneer a new format for developing a restaurant, convenience store and fueling facilities on a single site. By co-developing sites, fueling facility operators and McDonalds could offer the busy consumer the ultimate in convenience ? one stop shopping for great food, branded fuel and convenience store items. According to Operations Management, McDonalds has revolutionized the restaurant industry by inventing the limited-menu fast-food restaurant. Some innovations it has made are the introductions of indoor seating and drive-through windows, which were strategic issues of facility layout. By adding breakfasts to the Is this Essay helpful? Join OPPapers to read more and access more than 460,000 just like it! get  better  grades menu, they incorporated a product strategy. Another layout decision was the addition of play areas. McDonalds continues to improve their operations by innovating a new layout to facilitate a mass customization process. Some of the restaurants now have the Made for You kitchen system, where sandwiches are assembled to order and production levels are controlled by computers. This new layout is intended to both improve the taste of food by ensuring that it is always freshly made, and to facilitate the introduction of new products. Total production process time was shortened and other adjustments were made to save even more time and to work in conjunction with the new layout. This new layout will be more efficient, and save more time and money. It achieves a higher utilization of space, equipment, and people. A process strategy that may apply to McDonalds is a repetitive process. They moved from process focus to repetitive focus. They are now trying to add more Facility Layouts Of Mcdonalds- India, Pizza Hut-India ; Dominos Pizza- IndiaINTRODUCTIONIn order to maximizing the effectiveness of production processes and meeting employee needs ; desires Facility layout and design plays a key role in businesss overall operations. It entails in determining the placement off departments, work group within the departments, workstations, machines stock holding points within a production facility. DEFINITION: â€Å"The physical arrangement of everything needed for the product or service, including machines, personnel, raw materials, and finished goods. The criteria for a good layout necessarily relate to people (personnel and customers), materials (raw, finished, and in process), machines, and their interactions. â€Å"- Howard J. Weiss and Mark E. GershonFACTORS IN DETERMINING LAYOUT DESIGN: There are many operational factors which need to consider while construction or renovation of a facility for maximum layout effectiveness. It includes:    * Ease of future expansion or change: Facilities should be designed so that they Is this Essay helpful? Join OPPapers to read more and access more than 460,000 just like it! get  better  grades can be easily expanded or adjusted to meet changing production needs. * Flow of movement: The facility design should reflect recognition of the importance of smooth process flow. The flow need not be a straight line. Parallel flows, U-shaped patterns, or even a zig-zag that ends up with the finished product back at the shipping and receiving bays can be functional. However, backtracking is to be avoided in whatever pattern is chosen. * Materials handling: It is essential to ensure the facility layout makes possible to handle materials (products, equipment, containers, etc. ). It should be in an orderly, efficient—and preferably simple—manner. * Output needs: The facility should be laid out in a way that is conducive to helping the business meet its production needs. * Space utilization: This aspect of facility design includes everything from making sure that traffic lanes are wide enough to making certain that inventory storage warehouses or rooms

Regency Grand Hotel Essays

Regency Grand Hotel Essays Regency Grand Hotel Essay Regency Grand Hotel Essay The following case study illuminates the dilemma of the employees undergoing the management changeover following its acquisition by an international group. In the earlier set-up, the employees were expected to follow the orders of their managers without questioning them. Initiatives to solve problems at personal level were discouraged and it led to lack of innovation and risk-averse behavior. Eventually, the hotel staff got accustomed to the style of management over the past fifteen years, and it made the work go smoothly with minimal number of conflicts. However, the recent sale of the hotel to a new American group introduced an altogether new style of administration to the employees. The management style of the new GM was entirely opposite to what the staff was familiar to, and it caused problems bringing the hotels performance and reputation down the drain. Problems The problem of the Regency Grand Hotel entails a number of factors in its failure to meet expectations of its new management, though the challenges did not exist previously. As it is observed that there are some significant challenges in managing the workplace In changing business environment. Following this, Becker did not employ a communication strategy that supported the dissimilarity between management and employees and their different cultures. The unclear decision making process and power hierarchy. Lack of proper analysis of the chances of success of the strategy of empowerment. Lack of proper coordination within the management team, when trying to implement the empowerment strategy. The Hotel also faced the challenge of social emotional conflicts among employees. Contingencies of power such as source of power were not clearly outlined. These issues resulted in high levels of stress, absenteeism and turnover. Communication and Culture: Communication and Culture Prior to the take over, The Regency Grand was Thai owned and operated. While weighed down by the internal processes the census was one of understanding and fitted in within the cultural bounds. The American conglomerate conducted little research into the culture as reflected by Becker’s appointment and utilization of predetermined strategies ill-suited to an already successful business. English is becoming the common business language in Thailand (Chakorn, 2006). Verbal and written communication differs greatly between the two cultures, amplifying the need for Active listening. Implementation of organizational change: Implementation of organizational change in times of change within an organization, it is essential for the management team to ensure that employees are actively involved in the process of change. Becker introduced his new policy to the directors of the organization. He however, found himself all alone trying to implement the empowerment practice. Involving employees in the decision making initiatives is crucial. The purpose of this is to make them feel part of the organization (Lynn, 2008). The empowerment criteria employed by Becker enabled assimilation of employees in the decision making process. Their contributions were however, not profitable to the organization. Involve staff in change Involve staff in decision making Ensure staff feel included in organization More successful organizational change Organizational Culture and Change : Organizational Culture and Change Organizational culture exists where a set of cognitions is widely shared by members of a social unit and comprised of fundamental assumptions, values, behavioral norms and expectations, and larger patterns of behavior (O’Reilly, Chatman Caldwell, 1991). Employees at the Regent had an organizational affiliation to the Hotel, adding to the organizational culture. O’Reilly, Chatman and Caldwell (1991) indicate that individuals will choose roles, occupations and organizations based on congruency with their own values. Organizations tend to recruit individuals who are likely to share their values. When Becker implemented changes in job roles and organizational structure, without maintaining a congruency in values, this may have lead to changes in the organizational culture. Person-culture fit will increase commitment, satisfaction and performance. To ensure this is implemented, it may be necessary to adjust aspects such as hire new staff with similar values, or help existing staff to see congruency between their values and those of the organization. Personality : Personality â€Å"Cultures shape the expression of traits but not their levels† (Hofstede McCrae, 2004, 74). Personality traits have been found to have a significant role in influencing job choices and work values (Berings, Dufruyt Bouwen, 2004) Therefore, these traits should be taken into account, both when hiring employees and when designing and redesigning job roles. Big Five Personality Traits: Big Five Personality Traits Through research, five primary personality traits have been found to account for personality variations in society (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg Coulter, 2006). These traits are: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience. Teng (2008) indicates that Schneider and Bowen (1985) found that personality traits of service employees can predict service quality. By hiring employees with personality traits in mind during the selection process, organizations are better able to create a suitable job-personality fit, and therefore improve profitability. Personality Trait requirement comparison (Adapted from Robbins et al, 2006) : Personality Trait requirement comparison (Adapted from Robbins et al, 2006) Personality Trait requirement comparison – cont. : Personality Trait requirement comparison – cont. Working effectively with personality traits: : Working effectively with personality traits: Although personality traits are intrinsic, it is possible to assist employees to display desirable behaviour in a range of circumstances through effective training techniques and skill building. Individual variations in preferences for different organizational cultures are associated with interpretable differences in personality characteristics (O’Reilly et al, 1991). The redesign of roles, responsibilities and reward systems to encourage desirable outcomes will increase congruency between individuals’ self-perception and person-organizational-fit, thereby improving the high staff-turnover situation as well as job satisfaction. Unclear power hierarchy : Unclear power hierarchy Another major issue encountered at the Regency Grand Hotel which affected the organizational culture was the problem of unclear power hierarchies which lead to staff not understanding their role clearly in the decision making process. Employees were given empowerment but this proved to be problematic as staffs were unable to discern between what constituted a major or minor problem. Staff found that in many cases when they did make a decision it was later overturned by supervisors. One part of the process of empowerment is impact. â€Å"Empowered employees view themselves as active participants in the organization; that is, their decisions and actions have an influence on the company’s success† (Mc Shane, 2008, p. 185). Becker introduced empowerment but this part of the process was distorted as the employees felt that their decisions were not valued and often overturned. Additionally, Becker stated he would not tolerate the same mistake twice. Staff now found it easier to revert back to their old ways of passing all problems over to their supervisors. This was directly counteractive to the plan of â€Å"allocating more decision-making authority to front line employees† (McShane, 2008, p. 192). This further reduced the effect of empowerment. Job Design and Role Ambiguity: Job Design and Role Ambiguity Employees were uncertain of the types of issues that were to be considered â€Å"Minor† and â€Å"Major†. Without clarification, they continued to refer problems to management. Jobs that have ambiguous demands, jobs that have too many demands, and jobs that do not allow the employee to participate in work related decisions are likely to hinder attempts at successful performance, thereby frustrating higher order needs† (Beehr, Walsh Taber, 1976, 42). This frustration results in reduced effort and motivation. They go further to state that â€Å"Effort toward quality is related to role ambiguity in that concern with the quality of one’s work is not maintained if it is unclear what constitutes task success†(Beehr et al, 1974, 46). Supervisors were unsure and reversed employee decisions to refer them on to higher levels of management. Role Conflict: The front-line staff were expected to experiment and be creative in dealing with situations at work, but were only allowed to make a mistake once. This resulted in reduced learning capacity as employees began behaving defensively in order to avoid reprimands for errors. Reduced Job Satisfaction: Increase in customer complaints, increase in absenteeism and employee turnover. Intra-organisational relationships suffered as trust was lost and fear reigned. Poor reviews due to declining levels of customer service. Role ambiguity: Role ambiguity Role ambiguity was another issue for the Hotel. â€Å"Role ambiguity can be defined as a lack of information needed to perform the role (Pearce, 1981; Cooper et al. , 2001). This issue can lead to many problems. â€Å"Employees who experience role ambiguity tend to perform at lower levels than employees who have a clear understanding of job requirements and what is expected of them. Likewise, role ambiguity is reflected in employees uncertainty concerning appropriate actions in commonly occurring job situations. It explicitly results when employees are not clear concerning the amount of authority they have and when they do not know others job performance expectations† (Boles Babin, 1996, as cited in Ussahawanitchakit, 2008). What is my role? What are my responsibilities? What are my functions? Who is my supervisor? What are the delineations of my role? Where is the information I need? Where is the information I need? Do I have the power/control to do this? Role ambiguity: Role ambiguity According to role theory, role ambiguity will result in coping behaviors by the uncomfortable employees in organizations that may attempt to solve the problems by avoiding stress, or to use defense mechanisms for changing the real situation. Therefore, ambiguity will allow an employee to be dissatisfied with his role in the organization, change reality and reduce his performance (Rizzo et al. , 1970). It can be seen in the case of the Regency Grand Hotel that due to the lack of clarification of the role each employee played within the organization stress resulted. This stress lead to an increase in staff moving toward the defensive tactic of pointing the finger at other employees therefore disowning any problems they may have encountered themselves. Recommendations for defining roles and reducing ambiguity: Recommendations for defining roles and reducing ambiguity The remedy for the situations that have evolved within the hotel is to clearly define each person’s role and make them aware of the importance their part plays in the overall operation of the hotel. Ensure employees are aware of their responsibilities. Additionally to define what is a major and minor problem and make it clear to members of staff who has the power to make decisions at each level, would also be of great assistance. For example if a problem arises at the front counter with a customer which would incur a minimal cost to the organization this could be handled by reception staff with little impact on the supervisor and within a much faster time frame causing less inconvenience to already disgruntled customers. This could be achieved by removal of the ‘same mistake twice rule’ that Becker introduced. In this way employees would truly feel empowered to make decisions that would have an impact on the organization thereby feeling that they were an important part in the hierarchy that exists in the hotel. Address Managerial / Supervisory level employees’ concerns at losing power. Reward them for encouragement and development of front-line team results. Job Satisfaction Aspect: Job Satisfaction Aspect Job satisfaction is essential for the work. Steven Travaglione (2007) note that happy workers are generally more productive. The initial management run by the Thai investors provided attractive employment packages e. . high salaries and bonuses. The performance was however, not impressive. The empowerment practice introduced by Becker reduced the bureaucratic governance. Employees were now able to interact freely with the top management. Becker interacted with employee and solved their problems. Nevertheless, there was an increase in the number of complaints and mistakes made by employees. Job Satisfaction Recommendations: Job Satisfaction Recommendations An audit process should be implemented to ensure change in strategy is adopted effectively. Open communication and feedback is required to ensure management is aware of the situations and any recurring issues that may require further investigation. Employees will respond well to feedback on their actions, this will assist with the learning process. Employ a risk manager, they do one on one coaching/counseling with employees to help with their concerns and be a impartial person to talk to when frustration arise and learn coping skills for the working at the hotel, this would have been great for when they did the changing of owners for a easy transition. Recommendations: Recommendations As front-line employees have not had power to make decisions in challenging situations in the past, it may be necessary to implement training sessions to improve skills when dealing with these situations, for example, conflict resolution courses, customer service training. An audit process should be implemented to ensure change in strategy is adopted effectively. Reward employees for correct/suitable actions – note rewards may be as simple as verbal encouragement or â€Å"Employee of the Month† titles. Open communication and feedback is required to ensure management is aware of the situations and any recurring issues that may require further investigation. Employees will respond well to feedback on their actions, this will assist with the learning process. Motivation: Motivation is a fundamental aspect of improving the quality of performance of the work force. The Regency Hotel management aimed at developing motivation among employees. However the employees were not motivated. Increased frustration, stress, job dissatisfaction and high turnover were some of the factors that demoralized employees. Encouraging innovativeness and reativity among employees is an essential component of a successful organisation. The free environment provided by the organisation was not effectively utilized by the employees. The performance of the organisation depreciated as a result. Motivated staff Improved performance of organisation Motivation Recommendations : Motivation Recommendations As mentioned earlier, reward employees for correct/ suitable actions – note rewards may be as simple as verbal encouragement or â€Å"Employee of the Month† titles. Team Building events, going on vacations with other employees to train up with other employees from the other hotels in the chain. Whenever the emphasis is on positive feedback it is a good idea to provide feedback in both public and private settings. When employees are recognised and encouraged in public, it acts as a natural stimulant for others who are close enough to see or hear whats taking place. Monthly training to empower and motivate the employees and sub management to have more skills and coping strategies in stressful/pressure situations. There is never an end to training, employees can also better themselves and that betters the organisation as a whole. Stress management seminar’s, motivation seminar’s, new skills seminar’s as they say knowledge is power and the more knowledge their employees have will create more motivation and improvement in their work and the hotel efficiently. Team building : Team building Team building enhances the capacity for an organisation to perform tasks faster and effectively (Steven Travaglione, 2007). Through empowerment employees were supposed to be more united. Employees were instead more divided and constantly in conflict. The empowerment policy was basically enacted for the purpose of improving the organisations performance. Complaints from customers were frequent The deterioration in service provision captured media attention. Team Building Recommendations : Team Building Recommendations Communication Exercise: This type of team building exercise is exactly what it sounds like. Communications exercises are problem solving activities that are geared towards improving communication skills. The issues teams encounter in these exercises are solved by communicating effectively with each other. Goal: Create an activity which highlights the importance of good communication in team performance and/or potential problems with communication. Problem Solving/Decision making exercises focus specifically on groups working together to solve difficult problems or make complex decisions. These exercises are some of the most common as they appear to have the most direct link to what employers want their teams to be able to do. Goal: Give team a problem in which the solution is not easily apparent or requires the team to come up with a creative solution Planning/Adaptability Exercise: These exercises focus on aspects of planning and being adaptable to change. These are important things for teams to be able to do when they are assigned complex tasks or decisions. Goal: Show the importance of planning before implementing a solution Trust Exercise: A trust exercise involves engaging team members in a way that will induce trust between them. They are sometimes difficult exercises to implement as there are varying degrees of trust between individuals and varying degrees of individual comfort trusting others in general. Goal: Create trust between team members Stress and case relationship : Stress and case relationship All of the factors identified in the Regency Grand Hotel case contribute to the high levels of stress, and resulting symptoms of stress: absenteeism and high turnover. Research supports the findings above by citing that open upward and downward communication; supporting creative organisational cultures by encouraging new ideas and mistakes that naturally ensue; clear and constant feedback (Baptiste, 2009); structured job design and work organisation; and well managed organisational change (Redfern, Rees Rowlands, 2008) are all elements that help reduce the levels of stress felt by employees within an organisation. According to Redfern et al. , (2008, p. 288) negative stress occurs ‘when the pressure placed upon an individual exceeds the perceived capacity of that individual to cope’. They offer a definition of stress by describing it in the following way: ‘stress releases powerful neurochemicals and hormones that prepare us for action to flight or flee† (Redfern et al, 2008, p. 288). Results from recent studies highlight some of the possible reactions of negative stress within organisational settings: ‘stress related problems among workers contribute to dysfunctional organisational consequences such as decreased organisational commitment, increased absenteeism, and high turnover’ (Chiu, Chien, Lin and Hsaio, 2005, p. 839). These reactions have been strongly experienced as symptomatic of issues at the Hotel. Visual depiction of case stressors and results in staff : Visual depiction of case stressors and results in staff New management Organisational change Unclear decision making hierarchy Communication problems Espoused versus enacted values – issues with creative organisational culture Lack of feedback Cultural clash between management and employees Issues with job design Stressors Release of powerful neurochemicals and hormones Possible outcomes Reaction Fight Flight Recommendations for introduction into the Regency Grand Hotel : Recommendations for introduction into the Regency Grand Hotel Physical activities such as exercises like jogging, aerobics, walking, and circuit classes can be implemented as lunchtime sessions which not only benefit employees by reducing stress levels and stress related illnesses but also work towards strengthening the social and team aspects of work. Research shows that the regular undertaking of such activities in an organisational setting has many positive effects on resilience to stress. For example physical well being is improved, as is mental alertness, decision making abilities and job performance. Relaxation technique classes also introduced to the Hotel staff would, assist with coping with mental and physical manifestations of stress. Classes that teach employees deep breathing skills, meditation, and yoga echoes the benefits of exercise with additional advantages such as restoring energy and vitality (Treven and Protocan, 2005). Recommendations for introduction into the Regency Grand Hotel : Recommendations for introduction into the Regency Grand Hotel Much research has been undertaken on how learning and development programs within the workplace can add to employees resilience to stress (Redfern et al. , 2008). Programs such as: Lifestyle programs which educate employees on the advantages of balanced diets and a regular exercise regime Time management kills within a job role to ensure that goals are met with minimal stress (Shuttleworth, 2004) Specific training for managers to ensure they have the skills to control their own stress levels as well as track those of their employees – this particular training will have the added advantage of buy in from the management perspective to develop an appropriate culture at the Regency Grand Hotel as well ensuring that the managers act as role models for their employees (Shuttleworth, 2004) In addition to the exercise, relaxation techniques and learning and dev elopment solutions, it is recommended that Employee Assistance Programs be introduced to the Hotel, this program offers employees a service whereby challenging situations can be discussed with counsellors and psychologists who can provide tools that will embed coping mechanisms (Trevern and Protocan, 2005). Recommendations for introduction into the Regency Grand Hotel : Recommendations for introduction into the Regency Grand Hotel In addition to the exercise, relaxation techniques and learning and development solutions, it is recommended that Employee Assistance Programs be introduced to the Hotel, this program offers employees a service whereby challenging situations can be discussed with counsellors and psychologists who can provide tools that will embed coping mechanisms (Trevern and Protocan, 2005). Recommended stress reducing strategies Physical activities Relaxation techniques Learning and development solutions Employee assistance program Conclusion : Conclusion The majority of problems experienced during the acquisition of the Regency Hotel may have been avoided or at least reduced dramatically through effective communication strategies, incorporating a comprehensive feedback loop to ensure understanding of changes and new requirements on an organisational level as well as individual level for all employees. Cultural, personal and organisational aspects should be taken into account; and changes to job design and job roles should be made clear to ensure successful adoption of the new system. At this stage, the Regency hotel is in a state of flux, with reduction in staff retention, profit and reputation. Effective change management strategies as outlined in this presentation should now be introduced to assist the employees to build a new Organisational Culture and incorporate the Empowerment strategy.

Provincial Bird Emblems of Canada

Provincial Bird Emblems of Canada Each of the provinces and territories of Canada has an official bird emblem. There is no national bird of Canada. The Official Bird Emblems of Canada Alberta Provincial Bird Great Horned Owl BC Provincial Bird Stellers Jay Manitoba Provincial Bird Great Gray Owl New Brunswick Provincial Bird Black-Capped Chickadee Newfoundland Provincial Bird Atlantic Puffin NWT Official Bird Gyrfalcon Nova Scotia Provincial Bird Osprey Nunavut Official Bird Rock Ptarmigan Ontario Provincial Bird Common Loon PEI Provincial Bird Blue Jay Quebec Provincial Bird Snowy Owl Saskatchewan Provincial Bird Sharp-tailed Grouse Yukon Official Bird Raven Great Horned Owl On May 3, 1977 Alberta adopted the Great Horned owl as its Bird Emblem.   It was the popular winner in a vote amongst Albertas school children. This species of owl is native to North America and live in Alberta year round. It was meant to symbolize a growing concern for threatened wildlife.   Stellers Jay The lively Stellers Jay was once voted most popular bird by the people of British Columbia. The locals like the bird so much that on December 17, 1987, it was made the provincial bird. While these birds are considered pretty to look at their bird call has been described  as harsh.   Great Gray Owl Manitoba is one of three provinces to choose an owl for its provincial bird. The great gray owl is a native of Canada but is often seen in the Manitoba region. Its known for its large head and fluffy feathers. The wing span of this bird can reach an impressive four feet.   Black-Capped Chickadee Following a contest by the Federation of Naturalists in 1983, the black-capped chickadee was chosen as New Brunswicks provincial bird. Its one of the smallest provincial  birds and, compared to others like the Gyrfalcon, is rather tame.   Ã‚   Atlantic Puffin Newfoundlands adorable provincial bird is the Atlantic Puffin. It was a good choice seeing as almost 95% of North American Puffins breed along the Newfoundland coast. This is the only breed of puffin native to the Atlantic Ocean.   Gyrfalcon In 1990 the Northwest Territories chose a bird as rugged as their terrain  to represent them. The Gyrfalcon is the largest falcon breed on earth. These fast birds come in a variety of colors including white,  gray, brown and black.   Osprey Nova Scotia also chose a raptor for its provincial bird. After the peregrine  falcon, the Osprey is one of the most  widely found raptor  species. This bird of prey has powerful reversible outer toes, that it uses to catch fish and small animals with.   Rock Ptarmigan For its provincial bird, Nunavut picked a common game bird known as the Rock Ptarmigan. This quail-like bird is sometimes referred to as a snow chicken. These birds are popular in Canada and Japan.    Common Loon Despite its somewhat silly name, the Common Loon is the largest in the loon family. The provincial bird of Ontario belongs to a breed of bird known as divers. This is because they can be seen diving into the water attempting to catch fish.   Blue Jay The popular North American bird known as the Blue Jay is the provincial bird of Prince Edward Islands. It was chosen by popular vote in 1977. The bird is probably most widely known for its stunning blue color.   Snowy Owl Surviving on a steady diet of lemmings the Snowy Owl is the provincial bird of Quebec. This beautiful white owl can be seen hunting during the night and day. It was chosen as the provincial bird in 1987. Sharp-Tailed Grouse In 1945 the people of Saskatchewan chose the sharp-tailed grouse as its provincial bird. This popular game bird is also called the Prarie Chicken.   Raven In 1985 the Yukon choose the Common Raven as its provincial bird. These highly intelligent birds can be found all over the Yukon territory. The Common Raven is the largest member of the Crow family. This bird is important to the First Nation People of the Yukon and many stories are told about them.

The Pros and Cons of the No Child Left Behind Act Essay

The Pros and Cons of the No Child Left Behind Act - Essay Example Yet, along with the greater emphasis put on student performance has come nationwide accountability and the unethical measures that school districts have implemented to meet the new federal guidelines. The NCLB Act was designed primarily to aid poor, minority, and immigrant students by implementing testing standards and assuring no child was falling through the cracks and being left behind. To support this effort, the bill appropriated $650 million to be used by the states to instruct English language learners. This was a 50% increase in funding for these efforts over previous years (Crawford). In an era when education funding has suffered from so many cutbacks, the additional funding was a decided benefit for schools, especially with high immigrant populations. However, the new formula used to distribute the money resulted in the least populated states, such as North Dakota and Alaska, receiving a reduction in funding. This has resulted in fewer English Learner programs for Native Americans that are enrolled in public schools in these states (Crawford). The NCLB Act requires that all students be tested at regular intervals to measure their progress in Math and English. School district funding and administrative control are dependent on acceptable results of this testing. This approach is well intentioned and can benefit the student by holding the schools accountable to their purpose, teaching the students. While the results of this testing have been unimpressive for the general student population, it has benefited students in the lower grades that are enrolled in an English Language Learner program (National Center for Educational Statistics). While forcing the schools to produce results, especially among the most challenged students, the Act has also had unintended consequences in this area. Because school funding is based on these results, districts have been anxious to exploit loopholes that may exempt many students from the testing requirements. During the most recent reporting period it was reported that the scores of two mill ion students were omitted due to technicalities. These were the poorest performing students and it can be inferred that they were minority and immigrant students, the ones that NCLB was written to protect. (Bass, Dixon, and Feller). The NCLB has given the education system uniform guidelines and standards that can be used to compare our past performance and gauge the success of our schools. It helps to identify which programs work and which ones fail. The goal of testing all students fairly is a great advantage if implemented correctly. However, when school funding, bonuses, and school control depend on the results of these tests, it becomes known as High Stakes Testing. Teachers are put in a position to "teach the test" at the expense of other equally important material. Measuring student progress may become meaningless under the current guidelines as Armein and Berliner report, "... the harder teachers work to directly prepare students for a high-stakes test, the less likely the test will be valid for the purposes it was intended". It has also been reported that Latino students have been encouraged to drop out of school to avoid taking the test in a school's effort to raise overall test

It is written in the word file that i have upload Essay

It is written in the word file that i have upload - Essay Example It was the notion of many individuals in the world in the early years, that in order to increase the production of honey from bees one just needed to create a conducive environment for many more beehives. In the current days, the process of bee keeping has become very complicated, a process, which entails several, processes (Perman, 2012). For better results of beekeeping, the practitioners should combine both the scientific and the technological and practical skills to their knowledge of beekeeping. Eventually, the word apiculture describes the scientific process of beekeeping as a very comprehensive and technological enterprise. Human beings made their first hives, which varied in sizes and their main intention was to increase the production of honey. After they had trapped enough bees that made enough honey in the hives, such hives collected five gallons of honey. The colonies of bees in the hives were first killed before the harvesting of honey and later removed all the honeycomb s from the hives. This way of collection of honey shows that the people’s main interest was honey and they did not think of the consequences they pose to the colonies of bees (Tietenberg, & Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2004). This method is unreliable since it endangers the survival of bees. Later on, in the nineteenth century, the beekeepers experimented making the beehives using wood. The beehives were made into wooden boxes and inside the boxes were plated which divided the boxes for easy addition and removal of boxes and in order to control the activities of the bees. This method proved to work because people could do the harvesting of honey without killing the colonies of bees thus promoting the process of beekeeping (Pearce, J, & R, 2011). There are different types of honeybees. They include the European Honey Bees and the African Honey Bees among others. The scientists believe that the African Honey Bees will dominate and especially when the regular honeybees interbreed with the Africanized honey bees, the Africanized honeybees dominate. This shows that there is a likelihood of the Africanized honeybees to dominate and migrate to Arizona and other parts of the world. Therefore, the individuals who want to indulge into beekeeping should permanently change their view on the Africanized honeybee. They should also learn the habits of bees so that they can be able to take precautions and to be able to support their efforts of beekeeping. Bees are very important insects that human beings greatly depend on them. In order for an individual to be able to understand the threat posed by the bees, they should start by understanding the behaviour of the honeybees. These insects are very essential to human beings and thus their destruction will affect several activities of a human being. The honey bees aid in pollination of many crops that human beings farm and consume as food thus it is a very essential agricultural component. In an y case, as long as the bee colony does not negatively affect animals and human beings, the bee colonies should prosper and grow wide (Pearce & Golen, 1984). The European honeybees differ greatly from Africanized honeybees. They may appear to look similar but they have very different behaviours. The Africanized honeybees have a tendency of swarming more frequently as compared to the European

Socio Cultural Factors In Child Development Education Essay

Socio Cultural Factors In Child Development Education Essay Children are the future of every nation and people have always strived for helping them to reach the most of their potential in the life span. Todays children have more complex needs which should be fulfilled for their proper level of development. In this work we will try to overview three well-known theories of child development and analyze the similarities and differences between them, as it is very topical to know already existing theories to evaluate properly modern approaches to child education; and find out the essence of interaction of cognitive, physical and emotional development of children to realize the importance of knowing o their needs. Lev Vygotsky focused on the socio-cultural factors in child development which he considered the most valuable. He stated that most of knowledge which every child gets in the course of his development is provided by a wise and experienced tutor (mostly parent or teacher). The tutor provides the child with both verbal and nonverbal instructions which the child is meant to follow. And natural curiosity of the child helps him to do this. Vygotsky believed that higher mental processes in the individual have their origin in social processes.  [1]  Moreover Vygotsky maintained that that social learning had a tendency of preceding development. Vygotsky was sure that learning was a necessary and universal aspect of the process of developing culturally organized, specifically human psychological function.  [2]   Also Vygotsky developed a system of higher mental functions. These functions are developed from the cultural tool, which are got by children unconsciously, in the process of getting the cultural, historical and other information through the verbal and nonverbal interaction with a tutor. In the process of development children learn how to use these cultural tools. Higher mental functions include: attention, verbal thinking and memory. It is interesting that among all the mental tools Lev Vygotsky considered language as the most specific and important one. On the one hand it is a necessary mean to provide children with verbal instructions, while on the other hand it serves as an effective means for intellectual adaptation of a child. Private speech according to Vygotsys theory helps children to make needed strategies to their activities  [3]  . Thus, language is nothing else, but a boost for thinking and understanding. Jean Piaget Jean Piagets theory of child development is cognitive and is based on the system of stages of cognitive development of a child. Following this system we may recognize such stages as: Sensorimotor stage (0 -2 years). At this stage children investigate the environment around them with the help of their sense. They also start learning how to master the things around them. For example, they get to know that if to throw an object it will fall and make some kind of noise. During this stage children realize that even if the object is not near them it still doesnt stop existing. Preoperational stage (2 7 years). This stage is mainly characterized by childrens inability to see things from the different point of view, but their own one they are very ego-centric. At this stage children learn how to use language to describe objects in the world. Concrete operational stage (7-11). During this stage children can already think logically and predict the sequence of their actions. They also can classify objects into several categories. Formal operational stage (11+ years). At this stage children may think abstractly and can plan their actions through hypothesis. Moreover they are deeply concerned about the future. The key concept of the developmental theory of Jean Piaget is that nature is dominant over nurture.  [4]  Out of his system of stages of cognitive development of children we see that the first stage is sensorimotor one. At this stage the infants movements, physical and intellectual lack precision and his activities and attention are dominated by external stimulation  [5]  Piaget underlines that the initial instincts including the influence of sight, taste, touch, and hearing- of people are the most powerful and it is they which make their personalities on the whole. Jean Piaget believes that children are no less intellectual than adults, but they think differently. From the very moment of birth of each child he has to do a lot of things: to understand how people interact and how the whole world works, therefore we suppose that they are less mentally powerful. Indeed, children have more intricate brain abilities than adults, so if to take this suggestion as a starting point it is possible to overestimate our methods of teaching and educating. Arnold Gesell The maturational theory of Arnold Gesell, which is characterized by biological perspective, is based on the belief that every child has a specific plan or programme within his body as for his development. Gesell was convinced that heredity or nature has a primary influence on the development of a child. Gesell is known for establishing certain norms for children at every stage of their growth and developed the so-called gradients of growth. Among them we may find: motor characteristics, personal hygiene, fears, emotional expression, play, school life, ethics, and philosophic outlook  [6]  . Gesell believed that the development of the child through either education or play should be spontaneous. He suggested that through the course of evolution children inherited some kind of code which prescribed their actions and needs, so if a parent wants to help his child o find his life path the most effective way would be to let the child choose it himself. The key similarity in the developmental theories of Jean Piaget and Arnold Gesell lies in their belief in the dominance of nature over nurture  [7]  . Both theorists also developed original systems of measuring either the stages of child development or the indicators of their growth. Moreover it is needed to point out that all the three theories are promoting effective interaction of tutors and children in the process of their development although according to each of the theories their work is differently directed. Unlike Vygotskys thought that social learning should obviously precede the development Piaget considered that learning was less important thing in the child development the main influence instead he saw in nature. Also it is necessary to mention that Vygotsky paid much more attention to the socio-cultural factors in child development than other theorists  [8]  . Although the theories of Gesell and Piaget are alike in many aspects, the difference is that Piaget underlined the major influence of sensorimotor stage on child development while Gesell believed much in heredity, i.e. Piaget maintained that the child cannot enter the next stage until he fulfills the previous one, while Gesell was sure that child would be whom he ought to be due to the biological scheme within his body. Analyzing the theories of child development makes us ponder over importance of effective interaction of cognitive, physical and emotional interaction in the process of development of children. In the matter of fact unless all these aspects are properly accomplished the child has fewer chances to realize him or her in life as it is needed. Cognitive development refers to memory, concentration, attention and imagination  [9]  . It helps children to do well at school, dream, pretend what they will be in future, model different life situations, understand and use symbols, count and even write compositions. On the whole cognitive development is necessary for a child to solve their problems at every stage of their development. Proper physical development is responsible for childrens coordination, motor abilities and other physical skills. Emotional development helps children to possess such traits as self-regulation, self-sufficiency, self-concept and proper self-esteem  [10]  . If only the previous aspects of development are in proper level child has chances to make a positive and healthy self-image. The main point is that poor physical development may influence badly the level of attention or even memory of a child which would certainly lead to problems at school and thus to under-self-estimation. And vice versa: if a child is poorly developed emotionally he may be passive and ignorant which will lead to poor physical and cognitive development  [11]  . Therefore interaction of physical, emotional and cognitive development is of primary importance both for tutors and children. Evidently knowing the principles of forming of the childs personality is of great importance both for parents, teachers and psychologists. Unless we know the needs of the child or an adolescent at the particularly stage of his development we will hardly be able to help him. Knowing the key milestones of the development at childs age group it is possible to evaluate his or her physical, cognitive and emotional development and find the best way fro every concrete child to improve each aspect. It is far more important nowadays, when children have access to the media, computers and Internet and can themselves find all the answers(as it seems to them) to their questions, so they seldom ask their tutors how to solve their problems instead they make decisions by themselves, often no the most reasonable ones. In such situations it is particularly valuable to be aware of the peculiarities of development of children at this age and what problems most of them usually face. It goes without sayi ng that knowing norms of children and adolescents will help to find adequate advice to promote children to reach their potential in life. All the three theories of child development proved to be reasonable and useful. We found out that Lev Vygotskys theory was based primarily on socio-cultural factors of development. The theorist believed that learning preceded development and that made the main difference between his theory and the theory of Jean Piaget who was sure that the childs potential depended on the development of his senses and instincts first of all. Another prominent theorist Arnold Gesell was sure that nature dominated over nurture too and his key concept was that heredity was absolutely responsible for the development of particular child. Gesell and Piaget even developed their own systems of evaluating of either the stages of child development or the indicators of their growth. Although the theories differ in many aspects, every of them is directed on effective interaction between tutors and children and that is the key value of every of them. It is important to be able to realize the needs of children an d adolescents to help them in reaching their potential. In this process it is necessary to each a well-organized interaction between cognitive, physical and emotional development of children.

Cerebro Vascular Accident Health And Social Care Essay

IntroductionStroke or Cerebro Vascular Accident is the rapid loss of encephalon map ( s ) due to the perturbation in the blood supply. This is caused by ischaemia resulted from the obstruction of blood supply or a bleeding. The obstruction can be due to any thrombosis or arterial intercalation which consequences in deficiency of O and glucose to the encephalon country and it can take to decease of encephalon cells and encephalon harm. This frequently consequences in an inability to travel one or more limbs on one side of the organic structure, inability to understand or explicate address, inability to see one side of the ocular field etc. Stroke is a medical exigency as it causes lasting neurological harm, complications and even decease. ( WHO, 2008 ) Stroke is a life altering event that non merely affects the handicapped individual but besides their household and attention givers. Effective showing, rating and direction schemes for shot are good established in good developed states, but these schemes have non been to the full implemented in India. ( American Health Association, 2009 ) Stroke incidence and prevalence are indispensable for ciphering the load of disease and for be aftering the bar and intervention of shot patients. WHO estimates the figure of stroke events in some selected European states such as, Iceland, Norway, and Switzerland is likely to increase from 1.1A million per twelvemonth in 2000 to more than 1.5A million per twelvemonth in 2025 entirely because of the demographic alterations. ( Truelsen et al. , 2006 ) The prevalence rate of shot is higher among the Asians. In India it is about 250-300/10000 population per twelvemonth. The National Commission on Macro-economic and Health estimated that, in India the figure of shot rate will increases from 1,081,480 in 2000 to 1,667,372 in 2015. In 1998, the overall age adjusted prevalence rate for shot is estimated to lie between 84-262/100,000 population in rural and between 334-424/100,000 populations in urban countries. The Global Burden of Disease Study estimated that the one-year shot incidence of India will increase from 91/100,000 in 2015 to 98/100,000 in 2030. ( Ezzati et al 2004 ) It has been estimated that by 2021 the shot related disablement counts in 61 million, and 52 million of which would be in developing states. Harmonizing to recent surveies, 55 % to 70 % of shot subsisters become to the full independent by 1 twelvemonth and 7 % to 15.7 % remained wholly disabled. Among those who had speech disfunction, complete recovery was reported in 47 % of instances, and there was no betterment in 12 % . Dysarthria was commoner than dysphasia. Post Stroke ictus was observed in about 2 % of instances. ( Banerjee & A ; Das, 2008 ) In 2005, 400 to 800 shots per 100,000 populations in globally. 5.7 million Deaths and 15 million new acute shot instances are reported yearly. Globally, over the past four decennaries, the one-year age- standardised shot incidence rate has decreased by1.1 % in high income states but it has been increased by 5.3 % in low to middle income states. ( Feigin 2009 ) The mortality rate of shot is decreasing or stabilising in developed states. It was estimated in 2000 that, the shot accounted for 0.9-4.5 % of entire medical admittances and 9.2-30 % admittances in neurological wards. 12 % of all shots occur in people less than 40 old ages. Previous shot is the major ground for the shot in those who aged more than 65 old ages. It is estimated that 2 % decreases in overall shot mortality in India will ensue in 6.4 million fewer deceases over 10 twelvemonth period. ( Dalal et al. , 2007 ) There are chiefly two types of shot comprises ischaemic and haemorrhagic shot. Ischemic stroke histories for approximately 75 % of all shots which occurs due to thrombus that blocks or diminishes the blood flow to the portion of the encephalon. A haemorrhagic shot occurs when a blood vas on the encephalon surface ruptures and fills the infinite between the encephalon and skull with blood ( subarachnoid bleeding ) or when faulty arteria in the encephalon explosions and fills the environing tissue with blood ( intellectual bleeding ) . Both consequence in deficiency of blood flow to the encephalon and a buildup of blood that put excessively much of force per unit area on the encephalon. ( Swadron, 2010 ) The clinical effects of shot can be named based on the arteria involved. This includes infarct in the anterior intellectual arteria ( ACA ) , in-between intellectual arteria ( MCA ) , posterior intellectual arteria ( PCA ) and basilar/vertebral arteria. Middle intellectual arteria and basilar arteria are most frequently involved in shot. Entire Anterior Circulation Infarcts ( TACI ) had 100 % incidence of Dysphagia, followed by Partial Anterior Circulation Infarcts ( PACI-36 % ) , Posterior Circulation infarcts ( POCI-33 % ) , and Lacunar infarcts ( LACI-18 % ) . 67 % of bleedings had post-stroke Dysphagia. ( Sundar et al. , 2008 ) Dysphagia ( trouble in get downing ) is resulted if the shots occur in the in-between intellectual arteria or internal carotid arteria or vertebral or basilar arteria. Dysphagia can be seen in 65 % of the patients with shot. If non identified and managed it can take to hapless nutrition, pneumonia and increased disablement. Aspiration is the major job associated with Dysphagia. ( Stroke connexion magazine July/august 2003 ) Approximately 30 % of the patients who had one-sided shot have dysphagic symptoms and a similar per centum have been reported in encephalon hurt patients. It is estimated that between 29 and 50 % of acute shot subsisters are dysphagic. Early bedside appraisal of Dysphagia is indispensable to forestall aspiration hazard in shot patients. ( Smithard et al. , 2003 ) Asiatics were more likely to develop Dysphagia after shot. InA theA strokeA group, the adjusted odds ratio ( OR ) with 95 % assurance interval ( CI ) forA DysphagiaA was significantly higher for Asians than whitesA inA New York ( OR=1.64 ; 95 % CI, 1.50-1.79 ) and California ( OR=1.69 ; 95 % CI, 1.34-2.13 ) . The adjusted OR was somewhat but significantly higher for inkinesss than whitesA inA New York ( OR=1.15 ; 95 % CI, 1.03-1.28 ) . ( Fernandez et al. , 2008 ) The relentless dysphagia can take to malnutrition in the shot patients. The presence of malnutrition in station shot Dysphagia is runing high. The overall odds of being malnourished were higher among topics who were dysphagic compared with topics with integral get downing ( odds ratio: 2.425 ; 95 % assurance interval: 1.264-4.649, A P & lt ; 0.008 ) . ( Foley et al. , 2009 ) The higher incidence of Dysphagia increases the hazard of aspiration. In a prospective survey 60 patients were assessed clinically and underwent a bedside water-swallowing trial and videofluoroscopy within 72 hours of shot. Twenty-five patients ( 42 % ) were seen to draw out in the videofluoroscopy ; of these 20 % did non hold open Dysphagia as detected by a simple water-swallowing trial. Aspiration is most common in the early period following acute shot as a consequence of Dysphagia. ( Kidd et al. , 1993 ) Harmonizing to American Health Association ( 2006 ) , the primary bar of shot is of import because more than 70 % of shots are primary events. This includes behaviour alteration such as decreased smoke, intoxicant and salt ingestion forms, increasing fruits and vegetable ingestion and physical activity. ( Gupta et al, 2008 )Need FOR THE STUDYStroke is one of the prima causes of decease and disablement in the universe. Approximately 20 million people in each twelvemonth will endure from shot and 5 million of these will non be survive. Community surveys from many parts show rough prevalence rates for shot in the scope of 90-222 per 100,000 individuals. The Global Burden of Disease ( GBD ) Study, in 1990, reported 9.4 million deceases in India, of which 619,000 deceases were due to stroke, proposing a mortality rate of 73 per 100,000 individuals. The worldwide incidence has been quoted as 2 per 1000 population per twelvemonth, and about 4 per 1000 population in the people aged 45-84 old ages. The developing states histories for 85 % of planetary deceases from shot. With mention to the functional damages, 20 % of the people will necessitate institutional attention after 3 months and 15 to 30 % being for good disabled. ( Bhat et al. , 2007 ) Analysis of early deceases after shot is of import, as some deceases may be preventable. A survey on 1073 back-to-back shot patients showed 212 deceases within the first 30 yearss, leads to a mortality rate of 20 % . Early mortality after shot exhibits a bimodal distribution. One extremum occurs during the first hebdomad, and a 2nd during the 2nd and 3rd hebdomads. The high proportion of deceases in the first hebdomad is due to transtentorial herniation. After that, deceases are due to comparative stationariness ( pneumonia, pneumonic intercalation and sepsis ) predominate, striking towards the terminal of the 2nd hebdomad. ( Silver et al. , 1984 ) Dysphagia is common after shot. The appraisal of Dysphagia was made by utilizing standardised clinical methods in patients with acute shot. Dysphagia was more frequent in patients with haemorrhagic shot ( 31/63 vs. 110/343 ; P = 0.01 ) . In patients with ischaemic shot, the engagement of the arterial district of the entire in-between intellectual arteria was more often associated with Dysphagia ( 28.2 vs. 2.2 % ; p & lt ; 0.0001 ) . Multivariate analysis disclosed that shot mortality and disablement were independently associated with Dysphagia ( P & lt ; 0.0001 ) . The frequence of Dysphagia was comparatively high. Dysphagia assessed clinically was a important variable foretelling decease and disablement at 90 yearss. ( Paciaroni et al. , 2004 ) In acute ischaemic stroke the Dysphagia occurred within 48 hours after the oncoming of the first symptoms. After exigency infirmary admittance, three patients underwent neurological clinical rating and clinical appraisal of get downing. One of the patients presented functional swallowing, while the other two had mild and moderate oropharyngeal Dysphagia. The findings substantiate the literature informations sing the badness of the neurological status and the manifestation of Dysphagia. ( Favero et al. , 2011 ) Dysphagia and hapless nutritionary position occur often after shot. On clinical scrutiny 52.6 % of survey patients ‘ demonstrated Dysphagia and 26.3 % were identified with hapless nutritionary position. Dysphagia, based on clinical appraisal, was associated with shot badness ( National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, OR 4.6, 95 % CI 1.6-13.1 ; modified Rankin Scale, OR 12.3, 95 % CI 3.2-47.4 ) and with functional unwritten consumption ( OR 29.2, 95 % CI 8.4-101.8 ) , but non with steps of nutritionary position ( Mini Nutritional Assessment, OR 1.0, 95 % CI 0.4-2.8 ) . Nutritional steps did non correlate with swallowing or shot badness steps. It confirms that dysphagia and hapless nutritionary position are prevalent in patients with acute ischaemic shot. ( Crary et al. , 2006 ) A population based long term follow up survey was conducted to find the Dysphagia nowadays in the first hebdomad of acute shot associated with long term result. Dysphagia was assessed within 1 hebdomad in the shot patients and they were followed up annually at 3 months for 5 old ages. And they found that the presence of Dysphagia during the acute stage of shot associated with hapless result during the undermentioned old ages, particularly at 3 months. The survey related the dysphagia with increased institutionalization rate. ( Smithard et al. , 1997 ) An experimental prospective survey on 87 patients admitted with acute shot in the University infirmary of South Manchester to happen out the relationship between the side of shot and the presence of aspiration on videofluoroscopy. They undertook the patients for encephalon CT scanning and repeated videofluoroscopy. The survey concluded that the go oning aspiration might be related to the side of intellectual lesion. ( O'Neill, 2000 ) A survey conducted to happen out the incidence of Dysphagia in shot patients who were admitted in neuro rehabilitation unit. The survey compared the clinical bedside appraisal and videofluoroscopy to specify any correlativity between Dysphagia and clinical features of the patients. They enrolled both ischaemic and haemorrhagic shot. They concluded that Dysphagia is seen in one tierce of the shot patients who admitted in nuero rehabilitation unit. The class of Dysphagia correlated with the dysarthria, aphasia, low FIM and degree of cognitive operation. They found that the big cortical shots of non dominant side were associated with Dysphagia. ( Caterina 2009 ) A prospective survey in 121 patients utilizing standardised bedside appraisal and videofluoroscopic scrutiny was done to foretell the relationship between Dysphagia with the result and complications after shot. The presence of aspiration, mortality, functional result, length of stay, topographic point of discharge, happening of chest infection, nutritionary position and hydration were the chief result steps. It was found that the unnatural sup on appraisal had a higher hazard of aspiration and hapless nutritionary position. The presence of Dysphagia was associated with an increased hazard of decease, disablement, length of infirmary stay and institutional attention. ( Morris, 2000 ) Assorted get downing techniques have consequence on the nutritionary result of the shot patients. The interventions such as unwritten motor exercising, different get downing techniques, placement, and diet alteration aid to better the nutritionary form depend on the patient status. About 38 shot patients between 53 to 89 old ages of age with subjective ailments of Dysphagia and oral/pharyngeal disfunction were underwent swallowing intervention. The consequence revealed that the betterment in get downing map was associated with betterment in nutritionary parametric quantities. ( Elmstahl et al.,1999 ) Exercise based Dysphagia therapy can better the functional and physiological alterations in get downing public presentation of the grownup with chronic Dysphagia. After 3 hebdomads of intense exercising based Dysphagia therapy swallowing was improved. Physiological alterations after therapy imply an improved neuromuscular operation within the swallow mechanism. ( Carnaby et al. , 2012 ) The progressive linguistic exercising plan helps to better the swallowing map. A prospective cohort interventional survey suggested that the linguistic exercising plan helps to better the swallowing in patients with linguistic failing and get downing disablement. ( Robbins et al. , 2007 ) The clinical poster of the research worker leads to detect the shot patients. Investigator observed that one tierce of the patients who are holding shot developed get downing and feeding troubles which later result in aspiration pneumonia and add hazard to their life. All of them require dietetic alteration and half of them in demand of nasogastric or gastrostomy tubing for feeding support. This affect the nutritionary position and increase the length of infirmary stay and later affect the patient ‘s quality of life. This induce an involvement in the research worker over the peculiar country, â€Å" Post Stroke Dysphagia † . It gives a strong thrust to seek for the direction of Dysphagia in Post Stroke patients from diaries and besides from the life experience in the wards.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMEffectiveness of Selected Nursing Interventions on Swallowing and Feeding Performance among patients with Post Stroke Dysphagia at KMCH, Coimbatore-14AimThe aims of the survey a re to, Assess the Swallowing and Feeding Performance of patients with Post Stroke Dysphagia. Determine the effectivity of Selected Nursing Interventions on Swallowing and Feeding Performance in patients with Post Stroke Dysphagia. Associate the Swallowing and Feeding Performance with selected demographic and clinical variables.OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONSPOST STROKE DYSPHAGIA It refers to the trouble in get downing irrespective of the country of encephalon harm, ischaemic or haemorrhagic shots among the station shot patients. SWALLOWING Performance It refers to the ability of station shot dysphagic patients to get down, which is assessed by utilizing Gugging Swallowing Screen ( GUSS ) graduated table and the patients are graded as mild, moderate, terrible and no dysphagic based on the mark obtained. Eating Performance Feeding public presentation implies the capableness of the station stroke dysphagic patients to go through the liquids, semisolids and solid nutrients from the oral cavity to the throat, and so into the tummy and it can be assessed by the Functional Oral Intake Scale ( FOIS ) to categorise the patients as either tubing dependant or entire unwritten consumption. SELECTED Nursing INTERVENTIONS Selected nursing intercessions refer to the nursing activities which include get downing exercisings such as Shaker exercising and Hyoid lift manoeuvre and Positioning during the swallowing to better the swallowing and feeding public presentation of the patients with station shot dysphagia.Hypothesis:H1: There is a important difference in the Swallowing and Feeding Performance before and after the execution of Selected Nursing Interventions in Post Stroke Patients with dysphagia.Premise:Patients with cerebrovascular accident suffer with changing grade of Dysphagia. Swallowing exercisings strengthen the swallowing musculuss.